Cystitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the bladder walls. It is manifested by frequent and painful urination, with the presence of pus in the urine, blood clots, in children it is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication, fever. The disease is common among people of any age and sex, but more often it is determined in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the urinary system.
Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first sign is the frequent need to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic region, the pain spreads to the perineum, genitals, increases with pressure on the abdomen, a slight filling of the bladder. The urination itself is painful with a burning sensation and pain, the act ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of the urine changes: it appears cloudy, dark, with sediment and has an unpleasant odor. With a favorable outcome, the state of health improves for 4-5 days, for 7-10 days the patient recovers.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or by a slow and continuous course. Symptoms correspond to the acute form, their severity increases in the acute stage.
The reasons
Certain conditions are necessary for the development of cystitis: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is contagious. The main causative agents of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms enter the bladder cavity from the external environment, the kidneys, less often from other foci of inflammation: through the lymph, blood, damaged bladder wall.
A favorable background for the development of inflammation of the bladder is created by:
- frequent hypothermia;
- rare or incomplete urination;
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- wearing clothes that are too tight;
- malnutrition;
- vitamin deficiency;
- physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- chronic diseases;
- change of sexual partner or initiation of sexual activity;
- surgical interventions on the bladder, prostate gland;
- failure to comply with hygiene rules;
- impact on the body of radiation, chemicals and toxic substances;
- treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs;
- the presence of foreign bodies: urine diversion tubes, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
In the development of cystitis, a certain role belongs to diseases and pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, Huerta's stenosis in boys / men, prostate adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, helminthic diseases.
Variety
Cystitis is classified according to several criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by an inflammatory lesion of the mucous and submucosal layer and chronic - morphological changes affect the muscle layer;
- by etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and non-specific) and non-bacterial (chemical, medicinal, radioactive, allergic);
- in the form: primary - occurs without structural and functional alterations of the urinary system, secondary - develops in conditions of bladder dysfunction, anatomical changes;
- according to the prevalence of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and total (diffuse).
Diagnostics
In the diagnosis of cystitis, the urologist is helped by clinical manifestations, results of laboratory and instrumental studies. The main role in recognizing cystitis, its type, features of the course belongs to the general analysis of urine, urine culture for flora, determination of the level of acidity of urine. According to the indications, an endoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa (cystoscopy) or an X-ray (cystography), a relief urography and an ultrasound of the bladder are performed.
To confirm / exclude cystitis, CMRT clinics specialists use modern diagnostic methods, such as:
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Ultrasound (ultrasound)
- double-sided scanning
- Computed topography of the Diers spine
- Check-up (full body examination)
- CT
Which doctor to contact
The urologist diagnoses and treats the disease. Depending on the causes and symptoms accompanying the disease, it may be necessary to consult a gynecologist and other specialists.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is selected by a urologist, sometimes in collaboration with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist, gastroenterologist, surgeon and other specialists. In the phase of acute cystitis, in order to relieve the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy-vegetarian diet is recommended, limitation of spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, spa procedures on the bladder area. To quickly cleanse the bladder of toxins, bacteria, inflammatory components, it is necessary to strengthen the diet. In addition to slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, compotes, weak green tea.
Among the medicines in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract, uroantiseptics, antibacterials, antimicrobials and antivirals are used, taking into account the type of pathogen. To eliminate pain, relieve muscle spasm, stop inflammation symptoms as prescribed, take analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, after the disappearance of the signs of the disease, herbal medicine, electrophoresis and magnetotherapy are prescribed.
At the stage of complications, if it is impossible to cure the disease with conservative therapy, surgical removal of the bladder or pathologically altered area is performed by resection, laser exposure, freezing.
Complications
Prerequisites for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible adverse effects include:
- sclerotic deformity of the bladder neck;
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder;
- vesicoureteral reflux (reverse flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter);
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- inflammation of the walls of the urethra.
Prevention of cystitis
Prevention of cystitis contributes to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- prevention of physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- early diagnosis and treatment of infections, concomitant diseases;
- systematic emptying of the bladder;
- strengthen immunity;
- compliance with the drinking regime.